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The Brown amendment allowed nearly $370 million of previously embargoed arms and spare parts to be delivered to Pakistan. In January 1996, The Brown amendment was signed into law to relieve some of the pressures created by the Pressler sanctions, which had crippled parts of the Pakistani military, particularly its Air Force. Both nations will continue to do so on 01 January of every year until the treaty is dissolved. On 01 January 1996, India and Pakistan exchanged lists of atomic installations which each side had pledged not to attack under a confidence-building agreement signed in 1988.
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And in July of 1991, reliable reports from Islamabad confirmed that Pakistan had frozen production of HEU and halted the manufacturing of nuclear weapons and components.Īgain in September 1995, The Clinton Administration proposed revisions to the Pressler Amendment, citing the Amendment's roadblocks to cooperation with Pakistan's Government in areas such as combatting terrorism and furthering US commercial interests in Pakistan. And once again, it was rejected.Īfter numerous treaty opportunities, India and Pakistan finally entered an agreement prohibiting attacks on each other's nuclear installations. Once again, Pakistan proposed to India the commencement of a multilateral conference on the nuclear proliferation in South Asia. Pakistan handled the cutoff with little public rancor and committed itself to freezing the nuclear program in an attempt to placate the United States. Economic and military aid was duly terminated, though the Bush administration continued to permit a limited number of commercial military sales to Pakistan. In October of 1990, President Bush announced that he could no longer provide Congress with Pressler Amendment certification that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear weapon. Zirconium is used in nuclear reactor operations as nuclear fuel cladding material and can lead to nuclear weapons development.ġ990 began with reports of secret construction of a new, unsafeguarded nuclear research reactor with components sourced from Europe. Export Control violations occurred again in 1981, when Albert Goldberg was arrested attempting to ship 2 tons of zirconium to Pakistan. Nuclear Export Control statutes were violated by the attempted exportation of components of inverters used in gas centrifuge enrichment activities. Pakistan continued advancing its uranium enrichment program, and according to Pakistani sources, the nation acquired the ability to carry out a nuclear explosion in 1987. In 1985, Pakistan crossed the threshold of weapons-grade uranium production, and by 1986 it is thought to have produced enough fissile material for a nuclear weapon. In 1979, The United States cut off aid to Pakistan under Section 669 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (FAA) after it was learned that Pakistan had secretly begun construction of a uranium enrichment facility. Pakistan proposed to India a joint Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing the acquisition and manufacture of nuclear weapons in 1978. Abdul Qadeer Khan, founded Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) in 1976 to focus on the indigenous enrichment of uranium and the research and design of an atomic weapon. Khan is a German-trained metallurgist who brought with him knowledge of gas centrifuge technologies that he had acquired through his position at the classified URENCO uranium enrichment plant in the Netherlands.ĭr. Abdul Qadeer Khan considerably advanced these efforts. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto told a meeting of Pakistan's top scientists of his intention to develop nuclear arms.
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In 1974, Pakistan proposed to India the establishment of a nuclear weapons free zone in south Asia. India tested a device of up to 15 kilotons and called the test a "peaceful nuclear explosion" in 1974. In 1972 Canada supplies Pakistan with a heavy-water reactor for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), heavy water as a moderator for the reactor, and a heavy-water production facility.
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Shortly after the loss of East Pakistan in the 1971 war with India, Bhutto initiated the program with a meeting of physicists and engineers at Multan in January 1972. Pakistan's nuclear weapons program was established in 1972 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who founded the program while he was Minister for Fuel, Power and Natural Resources, and later became President and Prime Minister. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty was completed in 1968 and garnered the signatures of 189 states. The Pakistani nuclear research reactor at Parr, Rawalpindi, began functioning in 1965 with help (via fiscal aid and light-water imports) from the United States.